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教学笔记〡英语单词竟有6种构词法,高考每年都考

2024/1/22 16:52:46  阅读:108 发布者:

英语单词竟有6种构词法,高考每年都考。

许多英语单词的构成都有一定的规律,这种规律被称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。

英语的构词法主要有:合成法Composition,转化法Conversion,派生法Derivation,混成法,截短法clipping和词首字母缩略法。

转化法

Conversion

在词形不变的情况下,把一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性,而没有加任何词缀,这种构词方法称为转换法。转换法种类很多,但数量最多的是由名词转化为动词和由动词转化为名词两大类。转换后的词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大。

1

动词转化为名词

很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①);有时意思有一定变化(如下②);有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如下③)

例如:

Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。

He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。

Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。

2

名词转化为动词

很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。

例如:

Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?

Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。

She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。

We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。

3

形容词转化为动词

有少数形容词可以转化为动词。

例如:

We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

4

副词转化为动词

有少数副词可以转化为动词。

例如:

Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。

5

形容词转化为名词

表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①);某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数(如下②)

例如:

You should be dressed in black at the funeral.

你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。

The old in our village are living a happy life.

我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

派生法

在一个词的词根(root)前面或后面加上某个词缀(affix)来产生新词,这种构词法称为派生法(derivation)或词缀法(affixation)。加在前面的词缀叫前缀(prefix),加在后面的词缀叫后缀(suffix)。一般情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义,不改变词根的词性;而后缀往往改变词根的词性,有些也涉及意义的变化。大部分前缀和后缀都有固定的意义,因而许多派生词的词义可以通过词根及词缀的意思推知。

1

前缀

除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。

①表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。

例如:

appear出现→disappear消失

correct正确的→incorrect不正确的

lead带领→mislead领错

stop停下→non-stop不停

②表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。

例如:

alone单独的antigas防毒气的

autochart自动图表

cooperate合作enjoy使高兴

internet互联网reuse再用

subway地铁telephone电话

2

后缀

英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。

①构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)-ess (雌性)-ful (一……)-ian (精通……的人)-ist (专业人员)-ment (性质;状态)-ness (性质;状态)-tion(动作;过程)等。

例如:

differ不同于→difference区别

write写→writer作家

Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演员

mouth口→mouthful一口

music音乐→musician音乐家

②构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)-fy (使……化)-ize (使……成为)

例如:

widewiden加宽

beautybeautify美化

purepurify提纯

realrealize意识到

organorganize组织

③构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al

-able (有能力的)-(a)n(某国人的)-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)-ern (方向的)-ese(某国人的)-ful-(ic)al-ish-ive-less (表示否定)-like (像……的)-ly-ous-some-y (表示天气)等。

例如:

nature自然→natural自然的

reason道理→reasonable有道理的

America美国→American美国的

China中国→Chinese中国人的

gold金子→golden金的

east东→eastern东方的

child孩子→childish孩子气的

snow雪→snowy雪的

④构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)

例如:

angry生气的→angrily生气地

to到→towards朝……,向……

east东方→eastward向东

⑤构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)-ty (几十)-th (构成序数词)

例如:

six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六

four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十

合成法

把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起,这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性,最常见的包括:名词合成词,形容词合成词,动词合成词。之间有的用连字符连接,有的直接连接在一起。

1

合成名词

构成方式例词

名词+名词weekend周末

名词+动词daybreak黎明

名词+动名词handwriting书法

名词+及物动词+eror pain-killer止痛药

名词+介词+名词editor-in-chief总编辑

代词+名词she-wolf母狼

动词+名词typewriter打字机

动名词+名词reading-room阅览室

现在分词+名词flying-fish

形容词+名词gentleman绅士

副词+动词outbreak爆发

介词+名词afternoon下午

2

合成形容词

名词+形容词snow-white雪白的

名词+现在分词English-speaking讲英语的

名词+to+名词face-to-face面对面的

名词+过去分词man-made人造的

数词+名词one-way单行的

数词+名词+形容词two-year-old两岁的

数词+名词+ed five-storeyed五层的

动词+副词see-through透明的

形容词+名词high-class高级的

形容词+名词+ed noble-minded高尚的

形容词+形容词light-blue浅蓝色的

形容词+现在分词good-looking相貌好看的

副词+形容词ever-green常青的

副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的

副词+过去分词well-known著名的

副词+名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的

介词+名词downhill下坡的

3

合成动词

名词+动词sleep-walk梦游

形容词+动词white-wash粉刷

副词+动词overthrow推翻

4

合成副词

形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地

形容词+副词everywhere到处

副词+副词however尽管如此

介词+名词beforehand事先

介词+副词forever永远

5

合成代词

代词宾格+self herself她自己

物主代词+self myself我自己

形容词+名词anything任何东西

6

合成介词

副词+名词inside在……里面

介词+副词within在……之内

副词+介词into进入

截短法(缩略法)

截短法(clipping),即将单词缩写clipped words/clip words,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。

1

截头

telephonephone

aeroplaneplane

omnibusbus

2

去尾

mathematicsmaths

co-operateco-op

examinationexam

kilogramkilo

laboratorylab

taxicabtaxi

advertisementad

3

截头去尾

influenzaflu

refrigeratorfridge

prescriptionscript

混合法(混成法)

混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。

news broadcastnewscast新闻广播

television broadcasttelecast电视播送

smoke and fogsmog烟雾

helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场

首尾字母缩略法

首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。

very important personVIP (读字母音)要人;大人物

televisionTV (读字母音)电视

Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福

真题再练

01

单句语法填空

1. (2021年全国甲卷·70) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their __________ (day) routines.

2. (2021年全国乙卷·68) Provide __________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.

3. (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·62) Landing on the moons far side is ___________ (extreme) challenging.

4. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·61) Chinese New Year is a _____________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.

5. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·69) The __________ (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.

6. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·66) ___________ (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.

7. (2020年全国Ⅲ卷·64) Filled with ___________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.

8. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷·62) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ___________ (poor) studied.

9. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷·66) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___________ (believe) that populations are increasing.

10. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·63) Her years of hard work have ___________ (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshires Woman Of The Year.

11. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·70) But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. Its ____________ (wonder).

12. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·66) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ____________ (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.

13. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·67&68) They also shared with us many ___________ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ___________ (huge) popular with tourists.

14. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·69) Running is cheap, easy and its always ___________ (energy).

15. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·63) A taste for meat is ___________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.

16. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·66) This switch has decreased ___________ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.

17. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·67) According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _______ (globe) fertilizer consumption.

18. (2017全国Ⅰ卷·69) However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.

19. (2017全国Ⅱ卷·69) This development was only possible with the ____________ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.

20. (2017全国Ⅱ卷·70) The Central London Railway was one of the most ___________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.

02

语篇

真题感悟

1. (2020全国卷IIC篇)

When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didnt cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria (海狸鼠). Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,says Cree MeCree, project director of Righteous Fur.

该语段所体现的构词法如下:

 派生

environmentalist (environmental+-ist)  

n. 环保主义者(-ist  从事……的专家)

ecologist (ecology+-ist)  n. 生态学家

director (direct+-or)  n. 主管,导演

 合成

showcase (show+case)  v. 展示

guilt-free (guilt+free)  adj. 没有负罪感的

wetland (wet+land)  n. 湿地,沼泽

2. (2019全国卷I阅读D篇)

Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.

The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.

该语段所体现的构词法如下:

 派生

popularity (popular+-ity)  n. 普及,流行,受欢迎度

clinical (clinic 诊所,门诊+-al)  adj. 临床诊断的

likable (like+-able)  adj. 可爱的,讨人喜欢的

seeker (seek+-er)  n. 追求者

strengthen (strength+-en)  v. 强化,巩固

interpersonal (inter-+person +-al)  adj. 人际的

adolescence (adolescent+-ence)  n. 青春期

dishonorable (dis-不+honor+-able可……的) adj. 不名誉的,不光彩的,可耻的

 合成

well-explored (well+explored)  充分研究的

plays-well-with-others  与他人相处得好

jump-start  全力以赴启动;激发

真题再练

根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义

1.In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze () that mirrors our fear of the dark.

2.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.

3.Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering!

4. So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently placed one on top of the groundhogs head, again, not a move.

5.Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Dont let negativity ruin your motivation.

6.Several years ago I received a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder, almost always bothered by things.

7.When it comes to insect pests, red fire ants would probably top everyones list.

8.First, you should take an active part in the discussions and freely voice your opinion.

9.Yes, I was blessed; it wasnt a material one, but the kind that will warm my heart forever.

10.Suddenly she felt tears flooded her eyes.

【参考答案】

一、单句语法填空

1. daily 考查词性转换。在名词routines前作定语,用形容词,daily routines表示“日常生活”。

2. financial 考查词性转换。空格中所填单词在句中作定语,修饰名词aid,故需用finance的形容词形式。

3. extremely 考查副词。修饰形容词challenging应用副词,故填extremely

4. celebration 考查词性转换。空格前的不定冠词a提示我们此处应用名词形式。

5. beautiful 考查词性转换。与long并列修饰名词branches,应用形容词。

6. Certainly 考查副词。位于句首,修饰整个句子,应用副词作状语。

7. curiosity 作介词with的宾语,用名词,故填curiosity

8. poorly 考查副词。修饰动词studied作状语,应用副词,意为“研究很少”,故填poorly

9. belief 考查词性转换。前面的不定冠词提示我们,空格处应填名词,故填belief

10. finally 考查副词。修饰动词have been acknowledged,应用副词,故填finally

11. wonderful 考查词性转换。在系动词is后作表语应用形容词, 故填wonderful

12. competition 考查词性转换。由空格前的不定冠词an及形容词interesting可知,空格处应该填名词,故填competition

13. traditional; hugely 考查词性转换。修饰名词stories应用形容词,故填traditional;修饰形容词popular应用副词,故填hugely

14. energetic 考查词性转换。作表语要用形容词,energetic表示“精力旺盛的,充满活力的”。

15. actually 考查副词。修饰动词is作状语,用副词。

16. pollution 考查词性转换。作动词decreased的宾语,用名词,故填pollution

17. global 考查词性转换。在名词短语fertilizer consumption前作定语要用形容词,意为“全球的化肥消耗量”。

18. careful 考查词义转换。作表语要用形容词,句意为:小心别走极端。

19. introduction 考查词义转换。作介词的宾语要用名词以及在冠词the后要用名词,表示“采用,引入”,故填introduction

20. successful 考查词义转换。the most后要加形容词表最高级,故填successful

二、根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义

1. v. 使成为空的,把……弄空;v. 反射,反映

2. n. 团结和睦

3. v. 使上升,振作;adj. 使有能力的,给予力量的

4. v. 放置;n. 移动

5. n. 消极性

6. adj. 世界级的,国际水平的;n. 挑剔的人

7. vt. 居……之首,为……之冠

8. vt. 用语言表达,说出

9. vt. 使温暖

10. vt. 大量涌出

转自:“初高中英语学科教研”微信公众号

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