语法填空考情分析及感悟 ：构词法
考情分析
构词法主要包括派生、合成、转化和截短缩略四大类。在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；给出动词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然而，构词法不仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型中。掌握构词法是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。
一、语法填空
真题感悟
1. (2021年全国乙卷·61&62) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become __________ (educate) about the areas — both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the __________ (develop) of the local areas.
答案：educated; development
解析：句意：它与传统旅游不同，因为它让旅行者了解该地区的地理条件和文化特征，并经常为保护和促进当地的发展提供资金。educate与逻辑主语traveler之间是被动关系，故become后应用educated作表语，意为“受到教育的”。第二空所填单词在句中作benefits的宾语，需用develop的名词形式，且为不可数名词，故填development。
2. (2021年全国新高考Ⅰ卷·58) It will __________ (undoubted) help you get refreshed!
答案：undoubtedly
解析：句意：它将毫无疑问帮助你变得精力充沛起来。空格处单词修饰动词help，需填副词形式作状语，意为“毫无疑问”。
3. (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·64) The far side of the moon is of particular __________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side.
答案：interest
解析：句意：月球背面令科学家尤其感兴趣……。此处为“be+of+n.”结构，相当于“be+adj.”，故填名词interest。
4. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·68) To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ___________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
答案：strengthen
解析：句意：为了避免肌肉疼痛，你可以在柔软的路面上跑步，做运动来增强腿部肌肉……。空处为表示目的的不定式，“to+动词原形”，故填动词形式strengthen，意为“增强，强化”。
5. (2018年全国Ⅲ卷·66) My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a __________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
答案：scientist
解析：句意：我的名字是Mireya Mayor。我是一名研究大猩猩和猴子之类的动物的科学家。根据句意及空格前的冠词a可知，此处应填名词，表示“科学家”，故填scientist。
真题再练
单句语法填空
1. (2021年全国甲卷·70) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and watchtowers to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their __________ (day) routines.
2. (2021年全国乙卷·68) Provide __________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.
3. (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·62) Landing on the moon’s far side is ___________ (extreme) challenging.
4. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·61) Chinese New Year is a _____________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
5. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·69) The __________ (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations.
6. (2020年全国Ⅱ卷·66) ___________ (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
7. (2020年全国Ⅲ卷·64) Filled with ___________ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.
8. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷·62) It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ___________ (poor) studied.
9. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷·66) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ___________ (believe) that populations are increasing.
10. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·63) Her years of hard work have ___________ (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.
11. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·70) But then we got an official letter and we were blown away. We are so proud of her. It’s ____________ (wonder).
12. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·66) When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ____________ (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.
13. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·67&68) They also shared with us many ___________ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ___________ (huge) popular with tourists.
14. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·69) Running is cheap, easy and it’s always ___________ (energy).
15. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·63) A taste for meat is ___________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
16. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·66) This switch has decreased ___________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
17. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·67) According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _______ (globe) fertilizer consumption.
18. (2017全国Ⅰ卷·69) However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.
19. (2017全国Ⅱ卷·69) This development was only possible with the ____________ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
20. (2017全国Ⅱ卷·70) The Central London Railway was one of the most ___________ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
二、语篇
真题感悟
1. (2020全国卷II卷C篇）
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装) enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria (海狸鼠). Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree MeCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
该语段所体现的构词法如下：
派生
environmentalist (environmental+-ist)
n. 环保主义者（-ist 从事……的专家）
ecologist (ecology+-ist) n. 生态学家
director (direct+-or) n. 主管，导演
合成
showcase (show+case) v. 展示
guilt-free (guilt+free) adj. 没有负罪感的
wetland (wet+land) n. 湿地，沼泽
2. (2019全国卷I阅读D篇）
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.
The likable’s plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
该语段所体现的构词法如下：
派生
popularity (popular+-ity) n. 普及，流行，受欢迎度
clinical (clinic 诊所，门诊+-al) adj. 临床诊断的
likable (like+-able) adj. 可爱的，讨人喜欢的
seeker (seek+-er) n. 追求者
strengthen (strength+-en) v. 强化，巩固
interpersonal (inter-+person +-al) adj. 人际的
adolescence (adolescent+-ence) n. 青春期
dishonorable (dis-不＋honor+-able可……的） adj. 不名誉的，不光彩的，可耻的
合成
well-explored (well+explored) 充分研究的
plays-well-with-others 与他人相处得好
jump-start 全力以赴启动；激发
真题再练
根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义
1.In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze (霾) that mirrors our fear of the dark.
2.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.
3.Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering!
4. So one day, just to see what she would do, I gently placed one on top of the groundhog’s head, again, not a move.
5.Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive. Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation.
6.Several years ago I received a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder, almost always bothered by things.
7.When it comes to insect pests, red fire ants would probably top everyone’s list.
8.First, you should take an active part in the discussions and freely voice your opinion.
9.Yes, I was blessed; it wasn’t a material one, but the kind that will warm my heart forever.
10.Suddenly she felt tears flooded her eyes.
【参考答案】
一、单句语法填空
1. daily 考查词性转换。在名词routines前作定语，用形容词，daily routines表示“日常生活”。
2. financial 考查词性转换。空格中所填单词在句中作定语，修饰名词aid，故需用finance的形容词形式。
3. extremely 考查副词。修饰形容词challenging应用副词，故填extremely。
4. celebration 考查词性转换。空格前的不定冠词a提示我们此处应用名词形式。
5. beautiful 考查词性转换。与long并列修饰名词branches，应用形容词。
6. Certainly 考查副词。位于句首，修饰整个句子，应用副词作状语。
7. curiosity 作介词with的宾语，用名词，故填curiosity。
8. poorly 考查副词。修饰动词studied作状语，应用副词，意为“研究很少”，故填poorly。
9. belief 考查词性转换。前面的不定冠词提示我们，空格处应填名词，故填belief。
10. finally 考查副词。修饰动词have been acknowledged，应用副词，故填finally。
11. wonderful 考查词性转换。在系动词is后作表语应用形容词, 故填wonderful。
12. competition 考查词性转换。由空格前的不定冠词an及形容词interesting可知，空格处应该填名词，故填competition。
13. traditional; hugely 考查词性转换。修饰名词stories应用形容词，故填traditional；修饰形容词popular应用副词，故填hugely。
14. energetic 考查词性转换。作表语要用形容词，energetic表示“精力旺盛的，充满活力的”。
15. actually 考查副词。修饰动词is作状语，用副词。
16. pollution 考查词性转换。作动词decreased的宾语，用名词，故填pollution。
17. global 考查词性转换。在名词短语fertilizer consumption前作定语要用形容词，意为“全球的化肥消耗量”。
18. careful 考查词义转换。作表语要用形容词，句意为：小心别走极端。
19. introduction 考查词义转换。作介词的宾语要用名词以及在冠词the后要用名词，表示“采用，引入”，故填introduction。
20. successful 考查词义转换。the most后要加形容词表最高级，故填successful。
二、根据语境猜测划线词的词性和词义
1. v. 使成为空的，把……弄空；v. 反射，反映
2. n. 团结和睦
3. v. 使上升，振作；adj. 使有能力的，给予力量的
4. v. 放置；n. 移动
5. n. 消极性
6. adj. 世界级的，国际水平的；n. 挑剔的人
7. vt. 居……之首，为……之冠
8. vt. 用语言表达，说出
9. vt. 使温暖
10. vt. 大量涌出
转自：“初高中英语学科教研”微信公众号
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