高中英语 ▎语法专题之——非谓语动词
首先明确一点，非谓语动词，是动词的特殊形式，所以要在动词的范畴中讨论。我们知道，英语中的谓语是由动词来充当的，而动词除了可以作谓语之外，其实还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。
按照动词是否充当谓语，我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。
9.1 非谓语动词的使用条件
当一个句子中已经有一套主谓结构，又没有其他连词的情况下，还有别的动词出现，则此时需使用非谓语动词。如：
These days I have to stay at home，___________ (feel) anxious.
这个句子中，已经有一套主谓结构：I have to stay，且句中没有连词，这时feel只能用非谓语动词形式。
9.2 非谓语动词的三大基本形式
非谓语动词有三个基本形式，分别是：to do，doing，以及done(否定形式只需在其前面加not)。其主要用法详见以下思维导图：
（点击查看大图）
在非谓语知识体系中，我们经常听到“逻辑主语”这个词。那么，什么是逻辑主语？
逻辑主语简而言之，就是与非谓语动词之间存在逻辑关系(主谓或动宾)，是非谓语动作的发出者或承受者。例如：Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.这句话中，逻辑主语是the books，由于order与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系(“书”是“被订购”的)，且动作已完成，所以用过去分词ordered。
从位置上看，逻辑主语一般是句子的主语或者非谓语动词前的名词或代词。
注意：分词(现在分词、过去分词)作状语时，相当于一个状语从句(方式状语和伴随状语除外)，有时前面可带有连词。“连词＋分词”相当于省略形式的状语从句。如：
【exercise】
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those ________(want) a good night’s sleep.
Much time ________(spend)sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
People probably cooked their food in large pots, ____________(use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.
Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students_____________(talk)over what is bothering them.
There are many common methods __________(use) to cook fish.
If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely ________(bring) your work home.
9.3 非谓语动词的拓展形式
除了三大基本形式以外，to do以及doing还有其他扩展形式，具体请看下面两张思维导图：
图9-3-1
图9-3-2
【exercise】
1.When his father came in, he pretended __________ (read).
2.Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it ________(perform) live is quite another.
3.___________ (see) the film before，I'll stay at home to do some reading tonight.
4.When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there______________ (train) for a space flight.
5.______________ (invite) to Anne’s birthday party，Mr Brown is now searching shop after shop for a nice present for her.
6.I think the question __________ (discuss) now is of great importance.
关于非谓语动词的几个要点说明：
1.to do通常表示动作将来发生，有时也可以表示与谓语动作几乎同时发生。
e.g. He seems to know this.
I'm glad to see you.
2.不定式作后置定语(此时，不定式前的名词是逻辑主语)或补语时，若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者，则用主动形式表被动含义；若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者，则用被动形式表被动含义。
I will have my refrigerator to be repaired later. (冰箱将会被别人修理，而不是我修)
Kevin has much homework to do. (Kevin要做作业，而不是别人做)
另：双宾语动词结构中，若间接宾语(通常为人)是不定式的执行者，则，修饰直接宾语，不定式用主动表被动。
如：
Please give me a knife ______________ (cut) with.
3.若不定式与所修饰的名词成动宾关系，且不定式的实意动词在句中作为不及物动词使用，则需补充相应介词。如：
I need a pen to write with. (I will write with the pen 我需要一支钢笔写字)
I have a little baby to look after.(I must look after the little baby 我有一个婴儿要照看)
4.在作表语/补语的形容词后面，用来说明人或事物的特点、特性时，用不定式的主动形式表被动意思。
The room is comfortable to live in.
We found the survey easy to conduct.
He is easy to please.
5.不定式作结果状语与现在分词做结果状语的区别：
不定式作结果状语通常表示“出乎意料”的结果，而现在分词作结果状语，往往表示“自然而然”的结果。
【exercise】
European football is played in 80 countries,_______ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
6.不定式符号to与介词to的辨别：
介词to后通常接名词，而不定式符号to后需接动词原形。如：
If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. (此处第一个to为介词，第二个to为不定式符号)
7.“疑问句＋动词不定式”相当于名词短语，在句中可作主语、宾语或表语等，常可转换成一个由该疑问词引导的从句(与why连用时，通常只用于“why do sth.”或“why not do sth.”的结构，如：Why spend such a lot of money)。
He told us what to do.(＝He told us what we should do.)
8.不定式的省略
i.两个或两个以上的动词不定式由连词and , 从第二个不定式起，往往省略不定式符号to。
She 'd like to take off her coat and have a break.
The students are taught to read, write and do many other things.
ii.若前后文使用的不定式一样，则后文中不定式可以省略实意动词。
【exercise】
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him________.(重庆卷改编)
A.not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not
9.若名词前有序数词修饰，通常用不定式作该名词的后置定语。如：
He is the first person to think of the idea.
10.如果一个句子中，没有明显的逻辑主语，但可以在恰当的位置补上for sb.，句意
完整，逻辑通顺，则此时逻辑主语就是sb.如：
There is no greater pleasure (for me) than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，staring at the night sky. (“我”盯着夜空看，主动，伴随状语用staring)
11.主动语态变为被动语态时，宾语要变成主语；另外，对于主动语态中(作补语的，省略了to)的不定式，需将to还原。比如：
“see,watch,notice,observe,look at,make,have,let,listen to,hear,feel”等这些动词，后
接不带to的不定式，改写成被动语态时，需将to还原。
The boss made the boys work for 12 hours a day.
The boys were asked to work for 12 hours a day (by the boss).
12. it常作形式主语，而把真正的主语，如不定式，动名词等放在句末。如：
It is necessary for the young to master a foreign language.
It is vere kind of you to help me carry the furniture.
It is no using/useless/no worth/no good/a waste of time(money) just waiting here for such a long time.
13.独立主格结构
独立主格结构是指，由一个名词或者代词充当逻辑主语，后面跟着非谓语(或形容词，副词，名词或介词短语)，表示该逻辑主语的动作、状态或情况等，在句中作伴随，时间，条件，原因等状语。由于该名词或代词与句子的主语不一致，故被称之为“独立主格结构”。多数独立主格结构还可以用with复合结构来表示。
Time permitting, we will visit the Palace Museum.
The teachers came in, with many students following them.
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.
With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe.
There being no buses, we had to walk home.
14.有些非谓语可以作独立成分，对谓语的动作或状态加以说明，其形式不受上下文的
影响，也不需要考虑其逻辑主语同句子主语是否一致的问题。如：
generally speaking 总而言之
judging from/by 从……判断
considering sth/seeing sth./taking sth.into consideration 考虑到，就……而言
to tell you the truth 老实说
so to speak 可以这么说
e.g. Considering the quality,it is worth the price.
就质量而言，这个价钱是值得的。
The limits of a person’s intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at birth,but whether he
reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
总而言之，一个人的智力水平，在他出生时就已经固定了，至于说他能否达到这个水平，还有赖于他所处的环境。
【exercise】
___________ (Judge) from his dress, he is probably a Tibetan.
15.有时动名词前可以有物主代词，人称代词宾格或名词所有格作逻辑主语。“物主代词/人称代词宾格/名词所有格＋动名词”被称之为动名词的复合结构，在句中作主语或宾语，且句子开头只能使用物主代词和名词所有格。如：
He was awakened by someone's knocking at the door.
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon．
I don’t mind him delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.
His coming made us very happy.
【exercise】
( ) I would appreciate ____ it a secret.
A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep
16.有的动词后面既可用doing形式作宾语，也可用to do作宾语，但意义上有所不同。如：
①go on to do 做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事
go on doing 继续做同一件事
【exercise】
1.Having finished the exercises, we （learn）the new words in the next unit.
2.Though it was raining heavily, they (work).
②mean to do 想要做某事
mean doing 意味着(某结果)
e.g. I didn't mean to hurt you. Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
③regret to do 对即将要做的事表示遗憾
regret doing 对所做的事感到后悔
e.g. I regret to say I must leave tomorrow.
I regret not having told her earlier.
④remember to do 记得要去做(将来的事，表示“不要忘记”)
remember doing 记得/记起做过某事(说的是以前的事)
e.g.Remember to lock the door when you leave. I remember posting that letter.
⑤forget to do 忘记要去做某事
forget doing 忘记曾做过某事(做过，但忘记了)e.g.She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service. I'll never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.
⑥stop to do 停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
e.g.While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking.
⑦try to do 设法做(成)某事
try doing 尝试做某事e.g. I must try to get everything ready before he arrives.
Would you please try doing that again?
【exercise】
1.The light in the office is still on. She forgot ___________(turn )it off.
2.Do you remember ____________(meet) me at a party last year?
3.I mean ____________( go ), and nothing can stop me.
4.If it means ___________( delay ) more than a week, I’ll not wait.
非谓语动词的解题要领：
解答非谓语试题时，要注意三个方面。一是固定结构问题，比如，有的动词后面只能跟to do作宾语，而有的动词后只能跟doing作宾语；二是分析非谓语与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系；三是分析该非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的动作先后顺序，即：该非谓语动词动作发生的时间相较于句子的谓语动作，是之前还是之后发生，还是(几乎)同时发生。例如：I think the question being discussed now is of great importance.这句话中，逻辑主语是the question，由于discuss与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系(“问题”是“正在被讨论”的)，且表示动作正在进行，故用being done的形式。
【exercise】
非谓语动词综合训练
答 案
9.1
feeling
9.2
【exercise】
wanting;
spent;
using;
to talk;
used;
to bring
9.3
【exercise】
1.to be reading;
2.being performed;
3.Having seen;
4.to be trained
5.Having been invited;
6.being discussed
关于非谓语动词的几个要点说明：
to cut
【exercise】
A
【exercise】
A
【exercise】
A
【exercise】
Judging
【exercise】
A
【exercise】
1.went on to learn
2.went on working
【exercise】
1.turning;
2.meeting;
3.to go;
4.delaying;
【exercise】
非谓语动词综合训练：
1.hidden;
2.giving;
3.to follow;
4.Having been bitten;
5.to save;
6.to be designed;
7.Ignoring;
8.marked;
9.to share;
10.Having spent;
11.to gain;
12.behaving;
13.to have been injured;
14.to wash;
15.coming;
16.introducing;
17.camping;
18.to be discovered;
19.C
20.to land;
21.buried;
22.to be invited;
23.being recognized;
24.Having spent;
25.to see;
26.spent;
27.having developed;
28.listening;
29.growing;
30.taken;
31.D;
32.surving;
33.to catch;
34.feeding;
35.to eat;
36.know;
37.watching;
38.dressed;
39.Travelling/Traveling;
40.looking;
41.Raised;
42.to leave;
43.taken;
44.to have;
45.to have left;
46.wondering;
47.enjoying;
48.conducted;
49.dying;
50.To learn;
51.turning;
52.accepted;
53.To enjoy;
54.to thank;
55.To make;
56.recorded;
57.to understand;
58.to complete;
59.to be held；
60.to arrive;
61.B;
62.to perform;
63.ranging;
64.to have;
65.knowing;
67.Having failed;
68.eating;
69.making;
70.facing;
71.to deal;
72.feeling;
73.Having been told;
74.covering;
75.to be told;
76.crossing;
77.to tell;
78.being repaired;
79.accompanied;
80.Lost;
81.disappointing;
82.To catch;
83.Having been asked;
84.Settled;
85.To work out;
86.learning;
87.offered;
88.looking;
89.being caught;
90.to say
转自：“初高中英语学科教研”微信公众号
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