上一篇我们详细谈了词的用法和一些注意要点,本篇可以进步到句子的写法了。怎样写出一个有效的句子呢?首先要先了解一下句子的构成。
一个句子是由一个或者多个从句构成的,从句是搭建句子的一砖一瓦,它最少要包含主语和动词。
独立的短句,可以很短,包含了主语和动词,能够完整地表达一个意思。
“Microsoft is a company.”
非独立的从句,由从属性连词开头,比如 when, while, if, that, or who, 紧接着主语,动词和补语。
“…that the experiment was a success…”
从句和从句之间,是通过一些连接词来建立联系和逻辑关系的,连接词有:
主从连词:After, before, that, when, which, although, even though, whenever, while, until, if, since …..
并列连词:For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
连接副词:Accordingly, hence, likewise, nonetheless, for example, besides, however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, nevertheless, thus, on the other hand, meanwhile. In contrast…
并列连词和连接副词可以表示相同的意思:
表示“和”,“更进一步”的意思可以用连词and,也可以用副词furthermore, besides, moreover, also;
表示“相反”的意思可以用连词but,yet,相应的副词有however, nevertheless, still, nonetheless;
表示“选择”的意思用or,或者副词otherwise;
表示“因果关系”可以用so,也可以用consequently, therefore, thus, accordingly, hence这些副词。
一般来说,英语的句子按照结构来说可以分为四大类:
1. 简单句:就一个独立的句子;
2. 复合句:由两个或者N个独立的句子联合组成;
3. 复杂句:由一个主句和N个从句组成;
4. 复合-复杂句:好多主句加好多从句。
慢慢的来举例说明:
1. 简单句就太简单了,略过。
2. 复合句中的几个独立句可以由连词或副词构成连接,也可以用一个分号:
用并列连词
“I enjoying scanning together with our customers, but I hate staying late every night.”
用连接副词
“I enjoying scanning together with our customers; however, I hate staying late every night.”
用分号
“I enjoying scanning together with our customers; I hate staying late every night.”
3. 复杂句有点复杂了,其中的从句常由一个副词引导开始,这个从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后。放在主句前,从句后要加一个逗号;在主句后的从句,不需要这个逗号。
常用的副词有:when, while, because, even though, so that ,if等等。
从在主前:“Although many researchers could write papers, they could not dance.”
从在主后:“Many researchers could not dance although they could write papers.”
4. 复合-复杂句,看看下面这个例子,试试看能不能找出好多主句和好多从句。
“The word root multi, which means many, comes from Latin, and the word root poly, which also means many, comes from Greek.”
有效的写作需要运用到各种句式。写作者应该使用复合句(并列连词)来表达大致相等的相关思想;复杂句(从属句子)是用来表达不太相关的想法
一般来说,使用从属句(复杂句和复合-复杂句)被认为是一个更成熟,有趣和有效的写作风格。
其实,过度使用并列连词可能是很无聊的并且不容易被理解,这个时候要用一些复合句;当然也要平衡地使用各种句式,比如短句有时候显得更有力量,写作者要自己拿捏体会。
你可以在家做一个小练习:
找一篇期刊上的文章对您选择的句子进行编号。
分析每个句子,并记下四种句式使用的数目:简单,复合,复杂,复合复杂。
像用词一样,有时候也会写出一些有问题的句子,比如:
断断续续的短句:如果这些简单的句子是相等的,使用连词或副词(moreover, otherwise, however, therefore, 等)制作成复合句子;如果两个句子中一个依赖于另一个,可以使用一个复杂的句子,使用表示从属的连接词(who, which, when ,although, because, since, if 等)。
没完没了的句子:实际上这种句子更常见,是指一个接一个地连在一起而没有标点符号的句子。看个例子:
“Getting married is easy staying married is a different matter.”
能看懂意思,但是这个句子不是地道的英语,我们来改一下:
1.整句话: Getting married is easy staying married is a different matter.
2.加个分号: Getting married is easy; staying married is a different matter.
3.加个连词: Getting married is easy, but staying married is a different matter.
4.加个副词引导从句: Although getting married is easy, staying married is a different matter.
黏黏糊糊的句子:一个很长的句子,包含了无数个连词和无数个从句。
“Many students attend classes all morning and they work all afternoon and then they have to study at night so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.”
1. 分成几个句子: Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon. Then they have to study at night so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.
2. 改成从句: Many students, after they attend classes all morning, work all afternoon. Then, they have to study at night. As so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.
3. 改成从句并用连词连接: Many students, who attend classes all morning, work all afternoon and night. Then, they have to study at night, are exhausted by the weekend.
4.用-ing格式作为状语: After attending classes all morning, working all afternoon and studying at night, many students are exhausted by the weekend.
通过上面的一些说明,我们发现,句子对于有效地组织信息是非常重要的。没有经验的作者倾向于写很长或相对短的句子,但是其中逻辑不明显。在反复检查自己的文章时,一定要查看每个句子的形状,是否合理地使用各种句式来表达本段文章的中心思想。用主句传达这个句子的核心消息,可以在它前面(作为初始单元),在其后面(作为阐述单元)或在它的中间(作为插入单元)放置一个从句,表达想要补充的意思。
句到这里就讲完了,感觉说了很多却又什么都没说,千言万语总结成一句话,熟能生巧。同时也给各位介绍一个小技巧,大量的阅读专业论文,并加以留心和比较,能够快速培养良好的语感。配上写作时的用心与仔细,相信假以时日,你必定可以写出地道的英语论文。
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