一.如何写出简洁的语句
ps：这部分内容不是对全文都适用的，而是对那些需要简洁语句的部分。在不需要简洁的部分，下面的内容可能还是使文章不会用词过于单调的办法，注意区别使用。
1.使用主动语态
在写学术论文时，尽可能使用主动语态。被动语态通常需要更多的词，而且可能导致逻辑混乱。
主动被动语态举例：
主动: The candidate believes that Congress must place a ceiling on the budget.
被动: It is believed by the candidate that a ceiling must be placed on the budget by Congress.
注意：如果句子的主语是匿名的，尝试选一个一般的术语，比如“researchers,”“the study,”“experts in this field.”
什么时候使用被动语态：
（1）强调某一个行为而不是执行者
After long debate, the proposal was endorsed by the long-range planning committee.
（2）为了使文章的主语和焦点保持一致
The data processing department recently presented what proved to be a controversial proposal to expand its staff. After long debate, the proposal was endorsed by. . . .
（3）不想指出作者姓名
The procedures were somehow misinterpreted.
（4）描述一个场景，实施者未知或不重要
Every year, thousands of people are diagnosed as having cancer.
（5）建立权威的语气
Visitors are not allowed after 9:00 p.m.
2.把行动放在动词中
好的：The committee has to approach it differently.
坏的：The establishment of a different approach on the part of the committee has become a necessity.
谨慎名词化：
名词化：An evaluation of the procedures needs to be done.
修改：We need to evaluate the procedures.
名词化：The procedures need to be evaluated.
修改：We need to evaluate the procedures.
名词化：The stability and quality of our financial performance will be developed through the profitable execution of our existing business, as well as the acquisition or development of new businesses.
修改：We will improve our financial performance not only by executing our existing business more profitably but by acquiring or developing new businesses.
3.减少冗余短语（在需要简洁表达的地方使用）
冗余：In a situation in which a class is overenrolled, you may request that the instructor force-add you.
简洁：When a class is overenrolled, you may ask the instructor to force-add you.
冗余：I will now make a few observations concerning the matter of contingency funds.
简洁：I will now make a few observations about contingency funds.
冗余：There is a need for more careful inspection of all welds.
简洁：You must inspect all welds more carefully. / Inspect all welds more carefully.
可以使用下面的词语来减少冗余
（1）because, since, why来替代
<1>the reason for
<2>for the reason that
<3>due to the fact that
<4>owing to the fact that
<5>in light of the fact that
<6>considering the fact that
<7>on the grounds that
<8>this is why
（2）although, even, though来替代
<1>despite the fact that
<2>regardless of the fact that
<3>notwithstanding the fact that
（3）if来替代
<1>in the event that
<2>if it should transpire/happen that
<3>under circumstances in which
（4）when来替代
<1>on the occasion of
<2>in a situation in which
<3>under circumstances in which
（5）about来替代
<1>as regards
<2>in reference to
<3>with regard to
<4>concerning the matter of
<5>where . . . is concerned
（6）must, should来替代
<1>it is crucial that
<2>it is necessary that
<3>there is a need/necessity for
<4>it is important that
<5>it is incumbent upon
<6>cannot be avoided
（7）can来替代
<1>is able to
<2>has the opportunity to
<3>is in a position to
<4>has the capacity for
<5>has the ability to
（8）may, might, can, could来替代
<1>it is possible that
<2>there is a chance that
<3>it could happen that
<4>the possibility exists for
（9）before, after, as来替代
<1>prior to
<2>In anticipation of
<3>subsequent to
<4>following on
<5>at the same time as
<6>simultaneously with
4.减少冗余的动词
使用简洁，直接的动词
（1）knows来替代is aware, has knowledge of
（2）takes来替代is taking
（3）suggests来替代are suggestive
（4）indicate来替代are indications
5.减少不必要的介词短语
有时候，介词短语不是必要的。避免在一句话中使用过多的介词短语
不必要的介词短语：The opinion of the manager
修改：The manager s opinion
不必要的介词短语：The obvious effect of such a range of reference is to assure the audience of the author s range of learning and intellect.
修改：The wide-ranging references in this talk assure the audience that the author is intelligent and well-read.
不必要的介词短语：It is a matter of the gravest possible importance to the health of anyone with a history of a problem with disease of the heart that he or she should avoid the sort of foods with a high percentage of saturated fats.
修改：Anyone with a history of heart disease should avoid saturated fats.
6.减少虚字结构
常见的虚字结构比如it is，there is，there are
尽量少用这种结构，因为它会使句子的主语和行为模糊
虚字结构：It was her last argument that finally persuaded me.
修改：Her last argument finally persuaded me.
虚字结构：There are likely to be many researchers raising questions about this methodological approach.
修改：Many researchers are likely to raise questions about this methodological approach.
虚字结构：It is inevitable that oil prices will rise.
修改：Oil prices will inevitably rise.
7.避免使用模糊的名词
尽量避免使用下面的模糊的，所有都能表示的名词
（1）Factor （2）aspect （3）area （4）situation （5）consideration （6）degree （7）case
模糊名词：Consumer demand is rising in the area of services.
精确：Consumers are demanding more services.
模糊名词：Strong reading skills are an important factor in students success in college.
精确：Students success in college depends on their reading skills.
模糊名词：Photography took on new aspects during the Civil War.
精确：The Civil War saw the advent of graphic battlefield photography.
8.避免使用生僻的词
如果一个简单的短语可以和生僻的词取得同样的效果，要尽量避免使用生僻的词
生僻：cognizant of 简单：aware of, knows
生僻：facilitate 简单：help
生僻：impact on 简单：affect
生僻：implement 简单：start, create, carry out, begin
生僻：subsequent to 简单：after
生僻：utilize 简单：use
9.避免使用名词串
除非读者对你的术语熟悉，否则避免使用连续的名词
名词串：MHS has a hospital employee relations improvement program.
修改：MHS has a program to improve relations among employees.
名词串：NASA continues to work on the International Space Station astronaut living-quarters module development project.
修改：NASA is still developing the module that will provide living quarters for the astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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