以下文章来源于遗传社科研究 ,作者田田的叶
2023年1月17日PNAS上线文章“Long-term trends in human body size track regional variation in subsistence transitions and growth acceleration linked to dairying”,利用来自366个古遗迹的3,507个古人类骨骼样本,发现农业耕作(约1万年前)使得人类体型变小;但另一方面,中欧和北欧等畜牧区人类的身材和体重的增加与乳糖酶持续存在的自然选择时间相吻合,为 "乳糖酶生长假说(Lactase Growth Hypothesis) "提供支持。乳糖酶生长假说认为,乳糖酶的持续存在以及消化初级乳制品和乳糖能力,增加了可用的膳食能量,改变了人类生长的能量生物学,并促使人类体型产生区域差异。(论文链接点左下角“阅读原文”)
该文收录于PNAS主题专刊“The Past 12,000 Years of Behavior, Adaptation, and Evolution Shaped Who We Are Today Special Feature(过去12,000年的行为、适应和进化塑造了今天的我们)”。该专刊由俄亥俄州立大学生物人类学家Clark S. Larsen教授组稿。
向农业过渡的最早证据被认为出现在东地中海的黎凡特(Levant)地区。黎凡特的旧石器时代晚期 “Natufian”(公元前14,500-11,600 cal)由于广泛利用野生谷物、磨石、石头建筑和各种有组织的遗址结构,包括最早的面包证据,通常被解释为提供了最早的过渡时期的考古学标志。许多与Natufian相关的特征实际上早在2万年前的后旧石器时代(Epipaleolithic)遗址中就已发现,代表了狩猎采集者中定居、建筑和谷物开发的长期趋势;然而,有证据表明谷物种植的强化与公元前13,000年左右的新仙女木期(Younger Dryas)冷却有关。前陶新石器时代A(The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A)的证据进一步表明,在11,000年前出现了较大的人类定居点,并有永久性的建筑和密集使用和储存谷物。新石器时代的进程与农业革命在9,000年前全面展开;但在此期间,原始的狩猎-采集对生存的重要性仍然很明显,说明了该地区生存过渡的复杂性。
从狩猎-采集到农业生存模式的过渡,其特点是人类对植物和动物的繁殖和进化的发展,长期以来一直被解释为人类与自然界互动的最重大转变。这种转变的一个普遍特征在于饮食广度(Dietary breadth)的减少和对一种或几种高产驯化植物的依赖,这可能导致相关的营养缺乏和饮食中碳水化合物相对于蛋白质的比例增加。这种营养变化是我们理解向农业过渡的主导模式的一个组成部分,即它对人类健康产生了负面影响,而这种影响又因定居、更大的人口密度和传染病频率以及与家畜有关的人畜共患病的增加而加剧。从狩猎-采集过渡到耕作的过程中,身材的下降已经在广泛的背景下被记录下来;然而,许多研究将这种过渡作为一种快速和离散的觅食和耕作生存策略之间的二分法对比。这掩盖了基本的社会和生物过渡的复杂性。在许多地区,已知觅食者在完全农业化之前已经广泛地管理野生植物,植物驯化的过程和向作物耕作的转变与数百或数千年的文化和驯化的共同进化有关,在此期间,许多农业人口实行混合生存策略,并继续狩猎和觅食。
原文摘要
Evidence for a reduction in stature between Mesolithic foragers and Neolithic farmers has been interpreted as reflective of declines in health, however, our current understanding of this trend fails to account for the complexity of cultural and dietary transitions or the possible causes of phenotypic change. The agricultural transition was extended in primary centers of domestication and abrupt in regions characterized by demic diffusion. In regions such as Northern Europe where foreign domesticates were difficult to establish, there is strong evidence for natural selection for lactase persistence in relation to dairying. We employ broad-scale analyses of diachronic variation in stature and body mass in the Levant, Europe, the Nile Valley, South Asia, and China, to test three hypotheses about the timing of subsistence shifts and human body size, that: 1) the adoption of agriculture led to a decrease in stature, 2) there were different trajectories in regions of in situ domestication or cultural diffusion of agriculture; and 3) increases in stature and body mass are observed in regions with evidence for selection for lactase persistence. Our results demonstrate that 1) decreases in stature preceded the origins of agriculture in some regions; 2) the Levant and China, regions of in situ domestication of species and an extended period of mixed foraging and agricultural subsistence, had stable stature and body mass over time; and 3) stature and body mass increases in Central and Northern Europe coincide with the timing of selective sweeps for lactase persistence, providing support for the “Lactase Growth Hypothesis.”
参考文献
[1] J. T. Stock et al., Wells, Long-term trends in human body size track regional variation in subsistence transitions and growth acceleration linked to dairying. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2023)
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